(50000) Quaoar and Weywot

Asteroids with Satellites Database--Johnston's Archive

(50000) Quaoar and Weywot

compiled by Wm. Robert Johnston
last updated 21 September 2014

--Orbital and physical data--

(See this page for definitions of quantities; source codes in brackets, see this link for full references; *A, *D, and *E indicate assumed, derived, and estimated values, respectively.)

dynamical type, primary: TNO, Cubewano
orbital data, primary (osculating elements) [JPL] :
semimajor axis a: 43.2191 AU
orbital period P: 284.133 yr
(= 103779.5 d)
eccentricity e: 0.035127
perihelion distance q: 41.7009 AU
aphelion distance Q: 44.7372 AU
inclination i: 7.990086°
argument of perihelion ω: 161.258°
ascending node Ω: 188.87394°
mean anomaly M: 279.484°
perihelion passage T_P: 2077 Dec 09
Epoch: 2014 May 23
data arc: 1954-2012 (399 obs.)
Earth MOID: 40.6949 AU
Jupiter Tisserand invariant T_J: 5.825

Neptune Tisserand invariant T_N: 3.07 [*D]

orbital data, secondary:

semimajor axis a_s: 13800 ± 1000 km [F13d]
separation/primary radius a_s/r_p: 26 [*D]
separation/Hill radius a_s/r_H: 0.0036 [*D]
orbital period P_s: 12.26 ± 0.58 d [F13d]
eccentricity e_s: 0.148 ± 0.025 [F13d]
inclination i_s: 14° ± 4° [F10a]
ascending node Ω_s: 1° ± 5° [F11a]
argument of pericenter ω_s: 348° ± 8° [F11a]
normalized ang. mom. α_L: ?

other data, system (combined):

absolute mag. H: 2.4 [MPC]
2.73 ± 0.06 [F13a]
slope parameter G: (0.15) [*A]
effective diameter d_E: 1073.6 ± 37.9/37.9 km [F13a]
geometric albedo: 0.127 ± 0.01/0.009 [F13a]
color index U-B: ?
color index B-V: 0.94 [T03b]
color index V-R: 0.64 ± 0.01 [T03b]
color index B-R: 1.58 ± 0.01 [T03b]
color index V-I: 1.28 ± 0.02 [F04a]
color index R-J: 1.54 [*D]
color index V-J: 2.18 ± 0.06 [D09c]
color index J-H: 0.36 [D09c]
color index V-H: 2.54 ± 0.06 [D09c]
taxonomic type: RR (G-mode) [D09c]
mass m: 1.4x10²¹ ± 2.1x10²⁰ kg [F13d]
density ρ: 2.18 ± 0.43/0.36 g/cm³[F13a]
Hill radius r_H: 3800000 km [*D]
other data, primary:

diameter d_p: 1070 ± 38/38 km [F13a]
rotation period RP_p: 8.839 ± 0.003 h [F13a]
amplitude in mag., rotational ΔM: 0.18 ± 0.10 [R07a]
pole direction Β, λ: ? , ?

other data, secondary:

diameter d_s: 81 ± 11 km [F13a]
diameter ratio d_s/d_p: 0.076 ± 0.007 [N08c]
component mag. difference ΔM: 5.6 ± 0.2 [I8812]
rotation period RP_s: ?

-- (50000) Quaoar and Weywot --discovery and notes:

Primary discovered 2002 Jun 04 from Palomar Observatory, California, USA by C. A. Trujillo and M. E. Brown. Alternate designation(s): 2002 LM60 . Linked to prediscovery observations from 1954 May 25. Permanent number assigned 2002 Nov 20.

Named 2002 Nov 20 for the mythological Tongva god [MPC47170].

Companion discovered 2006 Feb 14 by M. E. Brown and T.-A. Suer using Hubble Space Telescope observations from Hubble Space Telescope. Announced 2007 Feb 22 [B07d]. Permanent designation I Weywot, assigned 2009 Oct 04; named for the mythological Tongva god of the sky [*].

--Links, more technical:

--Links, less technical:

--Links to ADS abstracts:

Davis, Allen B., Pasachoff, J. M., Babcock, B. A., Person, M. J., Zuluaga, C. A., Bosh, A. S., Levine, S., Naranjo, O. A., Navas, G. R., Gulbis, A., Winters, J. G., & Bianco, F. 2014, American Astronomical Society Meeting Abstracts Observation and Analysis of a Single-Chord Stellar Occultation by Kuiper Belt Object (50000) Quaoar
Fraser, Wesley, Gwyn, S., Trujillo, C., Brown, M. E., Kavelaars, J., Stephens, A., & Gimeno, G. 2013, AAS/Division for Planetary Sciences Meeting Abstracts Predicting Occultations by Kuiper Belt Objects
Young, Leslie & McKinnon, W. B. 2013, AAS/Division for Planetary Sciences Meeting Abstracts Atmospheres on Volatile-Bearing Kuiper Belt Objects
Pasachoff, Jay M., Babcock, B. A., Davis, A. B., Pandey, S., Lu, M., Rogosinski, Z., Person, M. J., Bosh, A. S., Zangari, A. M., Zuluaga, C. A., Gulbis, A. S., Naranjo, O., Navas, G., Zerpa, L., Villarreal, J., Rojo, P., Förster, F., & Servajean, E. 2013, AAS/Division for Planetary Sciences Meeting Abstracts Recent KBO (Pluto/Charon and beyond, including Quaoar) Occultation Observations by the Williams College Team as part of the Williams-MIT Collaboration
Fraser, Wesley C., Trujillo, Chad, Stephens, Andrew W., Gimeno, German, Brown, Michael E., Gwyn, Stephen, & Kavelaars, J. J. 2013, The Astrophysical Journal Limits on Quaoar's Atmosphere
Fraser, Wesley C., Gwyn, Stephen, Trujillo, Chad, Stephens, Andrew W., Kavelaars, J. J., Brown, Michael E., Bianco, Federica B., Boyle, Richard P., Brucker, Melissa J., Hetherington, Nathan, Joner, Michael, Keel, William C., Langill, Phil P., Lister, Tim, McMillan, Russet J., & Young, Leslie 2013, Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific Kuiper Belt Occultation Predictions
Braga-Ribas, F., Sicardy, B., Ortiz, J. L., Lellouch, E., Tancredi, G., Lecacheux, J., Vieira-Martins, R., Camargo, J. I. B., Assafin, M., Behrend, R., Vachier, F., Colas, F., Morales, N., Maury, A., Emilio, M., Amorim, A., Unda-Sanzana, E., Roland, S., Bruzzone, S., Almeida, L. A., Rodrigues, C. V., Jacques, C., Gil-Hutton, R., Vanzi, L., Milone, A. C., Schoenell, W., Salvo, R., Almenares, L., Jehin, E., Manfroid, J., Sposetti, S., Tanga, P., Klotz, A., Frappa, E., Cacella, P., Colque, J. P., Neves, C., Alvarez, E. M., Gillon, M., Pimentel, E., Giacchini, B., Roques, F., Widemann, T., Magalhães, V. S., Thirouin, A., Duffard, R., Leiva, R., Toledo, I., Capeche, J., Beisker, W., Pollock, J., Cedeño Montaña, C. E., Ivarsen, K., Reichart, D., Haislip, J., & Lacluyze, A. 2013, The Astrophysical Journal The Size, Shape, Albedo, Density, and Atmospheric Limit of Transneptunian Object (50000) Quaoar from Multi-chord Stellar Occultations
Fornasier, S., Lellouch, E., Müller, T., Santos-Sanz, P., Panuzzo, P., Kiss, C., Lim, T., Mommert, M., Bockelée-Morvan, D., Vilenius, E., Stansberry, J., Tozzi, G. P., Mottola, S., Delsanti, A., Crovisier, J., Duffard, R., Henry, F., Lacerda, P., Barucci, A., & Gicquel, A. 2013, Astronomy and Astrophysics TNOs are Cool: A survey of the trans-Neptunian region. VIII. Combined Herschel PACS and SPIRE observations of nine bright targets at 70-500 μm
Fraser, Wesley C., Batygin, Konstantin, Brown, Michael E., & Bouchez, Antonin 2013, Icarus The mass, orbit, and tidal evolution of the Quaoar-Weywot system
Jones, B. M., Bennett, C., Gu, X., & Kaiser, R. I. 2012, AGU Fall Meeting Abstracts Formation of High Mass Hydrocarbons on Kuiper Belt Objects
Jones, Brant M., Bennett, C., Gu, X., & Kaiser, R. 2012, AAS/Division for Planetary Sciences Meeting Abstracts Formation of High Mass Hydrocarbons on Kuiper Belt Objects
Braga Ribas, Felipe, Sicardy, B., Ortiz, J. L., Duffard, R., Camargo, J. I. B., Lecacheux, J., Colas, F., Vachier, F., Tanga, P., Sposetti, S., Brosch, N., Kaspi, S., Manulis, I., Baug, T., Chandrasekhar, T., Ganesh, S., Jain, J., Mohan, V., Sharma, A., Garcia-Lozano, R., Klotz, A., Frappa, E., Jehin, E., Assafin, M., Vieira Martins, R., Behrend, R., Roques, F., Widemann, T., Morales, N., Thirouin, A., Mahasena, P., Benkhaldoun, Z., Daassou, A., Rinner, C., & Ofek, E. O. 2012, AAS/Division for Planetary Sciences Meeting Abstracts Stellar Occultations by Large TNOs on 2012: The February 3rd by (208996) 2003 AZ84, and the February 17th by (50000) Quaoar
Vachier, Frederic, Berthier, J., & Marchis, F. 2012, AAS/Division for Planetary Sciences Meeting Abstracts Determination of Multiple Asteroid Orbits With a Genetic-Based Algorithm
Vachier, F., Berthier, J., & Marchis, F. 2012, Astronomy and Astrophysics Determination of binary asteroid orbits with a genetic-based algorithm
Fraser, Wesley, Brown, M. E., Batygin, K., & Bouchez, A. 2012, American Astronomical Society Meeting Abstracts #220 Tidal Evolution of the Quaoar-Weywot System
Assafin, M., Camargo, J. I. B., Vieira Martins, R., Braga-Ribas, F., Sicardy, B., Andrei, A. H., & da Silva Neto, D. N. 2012, Astronomy and Astrophysics Candidate stellar occultations by large trans-Neptunian objects up to 2015
Fornasier, S., Lellouch, E., Mueller, T., Panuzzo, P., Santos-Sanz, P., Lim, T., Kiss, C., Vilenius, E., Stansberry, J., Delsanti, A., Henry, F., Boehnhardt, H., Pal, A., Duffard, R., & Barucci, A. 2012, EGU General Assembly Conference Abstracts 'TNOs are Cool: A survey of the trans-Neptunian region'. Results from the PACS and SPIRE observations with the Herschel Space Observatory
Butler, B. J., Gurwell, M. A., & Moullet, A. 2011, EPSC-DPS Joint Meeting 2011 EVLA Observations of Pluto, Charon, Makemake, Quaoar, and 2002 TC302 at 0.9 cm Wavelength
Beisker, W., Assafin, M., Braga-Ribas, F., Widemann, T., Sicardy, B., Bath, K.-L., Bode, H.-J., Tegtmeyer, A., Schnabel, C., Casas, R., Lecacheux, J., Colas, F., Kowollik, S., Bredner, E., Heidmann, C. P., Gaehrken, B., Dähne, M., Denzau, H., Mommert, M., Guenther, E., Stecklum, B., Rengel, M., Mugrauer, M., Vilenius, E., Herald, D., Farago, O., Eberle, A., Rutten, H., Behrend, R., & Mottola, S. 2011, EPSC-DPS Joint Meeting 2011 Observations of Stellar Occultations by Dwarf Planets and TNOs - International Campaigns
Kiss, C., Pál, A., Müller, T., Santos-Sanz, P., Vilenius, E., Szalai, N., Lellouch, E., & Bönhardt, H. 2011, EPSC-DPS Joint Meeting 2011 Sedna, Eris and Quaoar: physical properties of prominent trans-Neptunian objects, based on Herschel observations
Braga-Ribas, F., Sicardy, B., Ortiz, J. L., Jehin, E., Camargo, J. I. B., Assafin, M., Behrend, R., Unda-Sanzana, E., Colque, J. P., Morales, N., Tancredi, G., Roland, S., Bruzzone, S., Salvo, R., Almenares, L., Emilio, M., Schoenell, W., Gil-Hutton, R., Milone, A., Jacques, C., Vanzi, L., Kavelaars, J. J., Cacella, P., Maury, A., Alvarez, E., van der Bliek, N. S., Vieira-Martins, R., Colas, F., Lecacheux, J., Vachier, F., Roques, F., Widemann, T., Thirouin, A., Gillon, M., Manfroid, J., Bergengruen, A., Martinez, M., Capeche, J., Amorim, A., Pimentel, E., Leiva, R., Toledo, I., Almeida, L. A., Magalhães, V. S., Montaña, C. E., & Rodrigues, C. V. 2011, EPSC-DPS Joint Meeting 2011 Stellar Occultations by TNOs: the January 08, 2011 by (208996) 2003 AZ84 and the May 04, 2011 by (50000) Quaoar
Brown, M. E., Burgasser, A. J., & Fraser, W. C. 2011, The Astrophysical Journal The Surface Composition of Large Kuiper Belt Object 2007 OR10
Levi, Amit & Podolak, Morris 2011, Icarus Estimating the density of intermediate size KBOs from considerations of volatile retention
Sallum, Stephanie, Brothers, T., Elliot, J. L., Person, M. J., Bosh, A. S., Zangari, A., Zuluaga, C., Levine, S., Bright, L., Sheppard, S., & Tilleman, T. 2011, Bulletin of the American Astronomical Society First Observations of a Stellar Occultation by KBO (50000) Quaoar from MIT's George R. Wallace, Jr., Astrophysical Observatory
Person, Michael J., Elliot, J. L., Bosh, A. S., Zangari, A., Zuluaga, C., Brothers, T., Sallum, S., Levine, S., Bright, L., Sheppard, S., & Tilleman, T. 2011, Bulletin of the American Astronomical Society Constraints On The Size Of KBO (50000) Quaoar From A Single-chord Stellar Occultation
Butler, Bryan J., Gurwell, M. A., & Moullet, A. 2011, Bulletin of the American Astronomical Society EVLA Observations of the Largest TNOs
McGranaghan, R., Sagan, B., Dove, G., Tullos, A., Lyne, J. E., & Emery, J. P. 2011, Journal of the British Interplanetary Society A Survey of Mission Opportunities to Trans-Neptunian Objects
Zangari, Amanda, Zuluaga, C. A., Gulbis, A. A. S., Elliot, J. L., Person, M. J., & Bosh, A. S. 2010, AAS/Division for Planetary Sciences Meeting Abstracts #42 Potential KBO Stellar Occultations: 2011-2015
Butler, Bryan J., Gurwell, M. A., & Moullet, A. 2010, Bulletin of the American Astronomical Society EVLA Observations of the Largest TNOs
Fraser, Wesley C. & Brown, Michael E. 2010, The Astrophysical Journal Quaoar: A Rock in the Kuiper Belt
Pilling, Sergio, Seperuelo Duarte, Eduardo, da Silveira, Enio F., Domaracka, Alicja, Balanzat, Emmanuel, Rothard, Hermann, & Boduch, Philippe 2010, 38th COSPAR Scientific Assembly Processing of ammonia-containing ices by heavy ions and its relevance to outer Solar System surfaces
Green, D. W. E. 2009, International Astronomical Union Circular (50000) Quaoar I
Moore, Marla H., Hudson, R. L., & Raines, L. 2009, AAS/Division for Planetary Sciences Meeting Abstracts #41 Laboratory Studies of Ethane Ice Relevant to Outer Solar System Surfaces
Fraser, Wesley & Brown, M. E. 2009, AAS/Division for Planetary Sciences Meeting Abstracts #41 Quaoar: A Rock in the Kuiper Belt
Moullet, Arielle, Lellouch, E., Moreno, R., & Gurwell, M. 2009, AAS/Division for Planetary Sciences Meeting Abstracts #41 Observing Kuiper Belt Objects With Alma: Detection And Imaging Simulations
Dalle Ore, C. Morea, Barucci, M. A., Emery, J. P., Cruikshank, D. P., Dalle Ore, L. V., Merlin, F., Alvarez-Candal, A., de Bergh, C., Trilling, D. E., Perna, D., Fornasier, S., Mastrapa, R. M. E., & Dotto, E. 2009, Astronomy and Astrophysics Composition of KBO (50000) Quaoar
Guilbert, Aurélie, Alvarez-Candal, Alvaro, Merlin, Frédéric, Barucci, Maria Antonietta, Dumas, Christophe, de Bergh, Catherine, & Delsanti, Audrey 2009, Icarus ESO-Large Program on TNOs: Near-infrared spectroscopy with SINFONI
Dalle Ore, Cristina M., Barucci, M. A., Emery, J. P., Cruikshank, D. P., Dalle Ore, L. V., Merlin, F., Alvarez-Candal, A., de Bergh, C., Perna, D., Fornasier, S., Mastrapa, R. M. E., & Dotto, E. 2009, American Astronomical Society Meeting Abstracts #214 Composition of KBO (50000) Quaoar
Assafin, M., Vieira Martins, R., Ribas, F. B., Camargo, J. I., da Silva Neto, D. N., & Andrei, A. H. 2008, European Planetary Science Congress 2008 Astrometric predictions of stellar occultations by Pluto, Charon, Triton and TNOs
Fama, Marcelo A., Loeffler, M. J., Raut, U., & Baragiola, R. A. 2008, Bulletin of the American Astronomical Society Radiation-Induced Amorphization of Crystalline Ice
Schaefer, Bradley E., Rabinowitz, D. L., & Tourtellottte, S. W. 2008, Bulletin of the American Astronomical Society Division of Icy Bodies into Groups Based on Surface Properties
Widemann, Thomas, Sicardy, B., & Lellouch, E. 2008, Bulletin of the American Astronomical Society Upper Limits for a Titania's Atmosphere and for a Large KBO's Atmosphere From Stellar Occultations
Freeman, J., Stegman, D., & May, D. 2007, AGU Fall Meeting Abstracts The Role of Ammonia in the Evolution of Enceladus
Moore, M. H., Ferrante, R. F., & Hudson, R. L. 2007, AGU Fall Meeting Abstracts Laboratory Studies of Ammonia-Water Ice--Relevance to Outer Solar system Surfaces
Schaller, E. L. & Brown, M. E. 2007, The Astrophysical Journal Detection of Methane on Kuiper Belt Object (50000) Quaoar
Schaller, Emily L. & Brown, M. E. 2007, Bulletin of the American Astronomical Society Volatile Loss and Retention on Kuiper Belt Objects
Cook, Jason C., Desch, S. J., & Roush, T. L. 2007, Bulletin of the American Astronomical Society Near Infreared Spectroscopy of Kuiper Belt Objects: More than Just Water Ice
Schaller, E. L. & Brown, M. E. 2007, European Planetary Science Congress 2007 Volatile Loss and Retention on Kuiper Belt Objects
Desch, S. J., Cook, J. C., Hawley, W., & Doggett, T. C. 2007, Lunar and Planetary Science Conference Cryovolcanism on Charon and Other Kuiper Belt Objects
Brown, M. E. & Suer, T.-A. 2007, International Astronomical Union Circular Satellites of 2003 AZ_84, (50000), (55637), and (90482)
Rabinowitz, David L., Schaefer, Bradley E., & Tourtellotte, Suzanne W. 2007, The Astronomical Journal The Diverse Solar Phase Curves of Distant Icy Bodies. I. Photometric Observations of 18 Trans-Neptunian Objects, 7 Centaurs, and Nereid
Moore, M. H., Ferrante, R. F., & Hudson, R. L. 2007, Planetary Atmospheres Laboratory Studies of Ammonia-Water Ice - Relevance to Outer Solar System Surfaces
Cook, Jason Campbell 2007, Ph.D. Thesis Dissecting intermediate-sized Kuiper belt objects
Lin, H.-W., Wu, Y.-L., & Ip, W.-H. 2007, Advances in Space Research Observations of dwarf planet (136199) Eris and other large TNOs on Lulin Observatory
Delsanti, Audrey, Bauer, J., Yang, B., & Meech, K. J. 2006, Bulletin of the American Astronomical Society Search for Crystalline Water Ice on Kuiper Belt Object Orcus
Bernstein, M. P., Mastrapa, R., & Sandford, S. 2006, AGU Fall Meeting Abstracts Near IR spectra and real and imaginary indicies of refraction of ices of relevance to KBOs
Emery, J. P., Dalle Ore, C., Cruikshank, D. P., Fernandez, Y. R., Trilling, D. E., & Stansberry, J. A. 2006, AGU Fall Meeting Abstracts Reflectances of Kuiper Belt Objects at lambda > 2.5 microns
Moore, Marla H., Hudson, R. L., & Ferrante, R. F. 2006, Bulletin of the American Astronomical Society IR Studies of Ammonia Hydrates: Effects of Thermal and Radiation Processing
Bernstein, Max, Sandford, S., & Cruikshank, D. 2006, Bulletin of the American Astronomical Society Near IR Spectra of H2O/CH4 And H2O/CO2 Ice Mixtures of Relevance to the Outer Solar System
Cook, Jason C., Desch, S. J., Roush, T. L., Geballe, T. R., & Trujullo, C. A. 2006, Bulletin of the American Astronomical Society Near-Infrared Spectroscopy of Charon: Possible Evidence for Cryovolcanism on Kuiper Belt Objects
Bagnulo, S., Boehnhardt, H., Muinonen, K., Kolokolova, L., Belskaya, I., & Barucci, M. A. 2006, Astronomy and Astrophysics Exploring the surface properties of transneptunian objects and Centaurs with polarimetric FORS1/VLT observations
Hussmann, H., Sohl, F., & Spohn, T. 2005, AGU Fall Meeting Abstracts Sub-Surface Oceans on Mid-Sized Icy Satellites and Large TNO's
Durand-Manterola, H. J. 2005, AGU Fall Meeting Abstracts A Definition of Planet
Rhoads, Edward 2005, Ph.D. Thesis A survey for TNOs using the APS POSS I database
Schaefer, B. E., Rabinowitz, D., & Tourtellotte, S. 2005, Bulletin of the American Astronomical Society Nightly Observations in BVI of 25 KBOs and Centaurs Over a Whole Observing Season
Mastrapa, R. M. E., Moore, M. H., Hudson, R. L., Ferrante, R. L., & Brown, R. H. 2005, Bulletin of the American Astronomical Society Proton Irradiation of Crystalline Water Ice: Timescales for Amorphization in the Kuiper Belt
Trujillo, C. A., Barkume, K. M., Brown, M., Schaller, E. L., & Rabinowitz, D. L. 2005, Bulletin of the American Astronomical Society Near Infrared Spectra from Mauna Kea of the New Brightest Kuiper Belt Object
Brown, Michael 2005, HST Proposal Direct measurement of the size of 2003 UB313
Rhoads, E. 2005, Bulletin of the American Astronomical Society A Survey For TNOs Using the APS POSS I Database
Jewitt, David C. & Luu, Jane 2004, Nature Crystalline water ice on the Kuiper belt object (50000) Quaoar
Stevenson, David J. 2004, Nature Planetary science: Volcanoes on Quaoar?
Rhoads, E., Humphries, R., Woodward, C., & Larsen, J. 2004, Bulletin of the American Astronomical Society A survey for TNOs using the APS POSS I database
Pinilla-Alonso, N., Licandro, J., & Campins, H. 2004, Bulletin of the American Astronomical Society Mineralogical analysis of two different kind of icy surfaces in the trans-neptunian belt, TNOs (50000) Quaoar and 2002 TX<SUB>300</SUB>
Rabinowitz, D., Tourtellotte, S., & Schaefer, B. 2004, Bulletin of the American Astronomical Society The Wavelength Dependence of TNO and Centaur Phase Curves
Barentine, J. C., Esquerdo, G. A., & Neese, C. L. 2004, Bulletin of the American Astronomical Society The APO-PSI TNO Survey
Brown, Michael E. & Trujillo, Chadwick A. 2004, The Astronomical Journal Direct Measurement of the Size of the Large Kuiper Belt Object (50000) Quaoar
Pinilla, N. & Licandro, J. 2004, 35th COSPAR Scientific Assembly Mineralogycal analysis of the icy surface of TNOs (50000) Quaoar and 2002 TX<SUB>300</SUB>
de Bergh, C., Barucci, A., Doressoundiram, A., & Dotto, E. 2004, 35th COSPAR Scientific Assembly Spectroscopy of Kuiper Belt Objects and Centaurs
Ortiz, J. L., Gutiérrez, P. J., Sota, A., Casanova, V., & Teixeira, V. R. 2003, Astronomy and Astrophysics Rotational brightness variations in Trans-Neptunian Object 50000 Quaoar
Marchi, S., Lazzarin, M., Magrin, S., & Barbieri, C. 2003, Astronomy and Astrophysics Visible spectroscopy of the two largest known trans-Neptunian objects: Ixion and Quaoar
Trujillo, C. A. & Brown, M. E. 2003, Earth Moon and Planets The Caltech Wide Area Sky Survey
Hughes, David W. 2003, Astronomy and Geophysics Planets: Quaoar and the Edgeworth-Kuiper belt
Trujillo, C. A. & Brown, M. E. 2003, Bulletin of the American Astronomical Society The Caltech survey for the brightest Kuiper belt objects
Rabinowitz, D., Schaefer, B., & Tourtellotte, S. 2003, Bulletin of the American Astronomical Society Solar Phase Curves for Kuiper-Belt Objects
Licandro, J., Campins, H., de Leon Cruz, J., Gil-Hutton, R., & Lara-Lopez, L. M. 2003, Bulletin of the American Astronomical Society Near infrared spectroscopy of TNOs, Centaurs and comet nuclei.

© 2007-2012, 2014 by Wm. Robert Johnston.
Last modified 21 September 2014.
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