Observed Impact Events (over 0.1 kilotons)
compiled by Wm. Robert Johnston
last updated 7 March 2010
| event | target | date | time (UT) | lat. | long. | energy (kt) | mass (Mg) | altitude | detection | sources |
| Tunguska | Earth | 30 JUN 1908 | 0:14:28 | 60.92 | 101.95 | 15,000 | 3E+05 | 8.5 | OIMA | S83a,B95a |
| Rio Curaca | Earth | 13 AUG 1930 | 12:00 | -5 | -71.5 | 600 | | | O | B95b,S95a,N09a |
| British Guiana | Earth | 11 DEC 1935 | 23:00 | 2.2 | -59.2 | 1,000 | | | O | S95a,N09a |
| Sikhote-Alin | Earth | 12 FEB 1947 | 10:38 | 46.16 | 134.653 | 7 | 300 | 5 | OMC | S95b,M09a |
| Moon | 15 NOV 1953 | 2:00 | 3.88 | 357.71 | 500 | 8E+06 | | VOC | B03c |
| Earth | 2 NOV 1960 | 0:22 | 9 | 43 | 6.4 | | | S | R97a,S09a |
| Earth | 26 SEP 1962 | 15:45 | 30 | 35 | 20 | | | S | R97a,S09a |
| Earth | 27 SEP 1962 | 15:29 | 32 | 60 | 30 | | | S | R97a,S09a |
| Prince Edward Islands | Earth | 3 AUG 1963 | 16:45 | -51 | 24 | 1,100 | | | S | R97a,E06a,R08a,S09a |
| Earth | 30 NOV 1964 | 3:10 | 18 | -123 | 20 | | | S | R97a,S09a |
| Earth | 3 JAN 1965 | 21:51 | 21 | 68 | 1.7 | | | S | R97a,S09a |
| Revelstoke | Earth | 31 MAR 1965 | 5:48 | 49 | -117 | 5 | 400 | 14.3 | S | R97a,E06a,R08a,R08b,S09a |
| Earth | 12 JUN 1966 | 9:05 | 51 | 164 | 5.7 | | | S | R97a,S09a |
| Kincardine | Earth | 17 SEP 1966 | | 44.2 | -81.6 | 1.1 | | | S | E06a |
| Earth | 8 JAN 1971 | 18:26 | 30 | 40 | 11 | | | S | R97a,S09a |
| Earth | 14 APR 1972 | 16:13 | -13 | 78 | 92 | | | S | R97a,S09a |
| Great Daylight Fireball | Earth | 10 AUG 1972 | 20:29:08 | 44.386 | -112.993 | 4 | 140 | 53 | VO* | C94a |
| Sumava | Earth | 4 DEC 1974 | 17:58:20 | 49.15 | 13.615 | 0.3 | 5 | 58.6 | V | B96a |
| 88106 | Earth | 15 APR 1988 | 3:03:11 | -4 | 124 | 8 | 35 | 43 | I | T94a,N97a |
| 90274 | Earth | 1 OCT 1990 | 3:51:47 | 8 | 142 | 4 | 100 | 30 | I | T94a,N97a |
| Benesov | Earth | 7 MAY 1991 | 23:03:53 | 49.77 | 14.601 | 0.5 | 13 | 16.7 | V | B96a,B02a |
| 91277 | Earth | 4 OCT 1991 | 9:22:47 | 78 | 6 | 0.9 | 20 | 33 | I | T94a,N97a |
| Lugo | Earth | 19 JAN 1993 | | 44.48 | 11.91 | 14 | | 30 | OVS | C99a |
| 93304 | Earth | 31 OCT 1993 | | | | 0.16 | | | I | N97a |
| 93333 | Earth | 29 NOV 1993 | | | | 0.11 | | | I | N97a |
| Marshall Islands | Earth | 1 FEB 1994 | 22:38 | 2.66 | 164.05 | 60 | 4000 | 21 | SIVO | T95a,N97a,Z97a,T98a |
| 94149 | Earth | 29 MAY 1994 | | | | 1.3 | 17 | 34 | I | N97a |
| 94154 | Earth | 3 JUN 1994 | | | | 1.5 | | | I | N97a |
| St.-Robert | Earth | 15 JUN 1994 | 0:02 | 45.8 | -73 | 0.5 | 10 | 36 | OIVM | B96d,C99a |
| Comet Shoemaker-Levy 9 A | Jupiter | 16 JUL 1994 | 20:13 | -43.15 | 185 | 25,000,000 | 6E+07 | above clouds | PVIA | W94a,H95a,W95a,Y95a,C97a |
| Comet Shoemaker-Levy 9 B | Jupiter | 17 JUL 1994 | 2:53 | -43.17 | 69 | 45,000,000 | 1E+08 | above clouds | PVIA | W94a,H95a,W95a,Y95a,C97a |
| Comet Shoemaker-Levy 9 C | Jupiter | 17 JUL 1994 | 7:12 | -43.38 | 224 | 80,000,000 | 2E+08 | above clouds | PVIA | W94a,H95a,W95a,Y95a,C97a |
| Comet Shoemaker-Levy 9 D | Jupiter | 17 JUL 1994 | 11:54 | -43.46 | 34 | 25,000,000 | 6E+07 | above clouds | PVIA | W94a,H95a,W95a,Y95a,C97a |
| Comet Shoemaker-Levy 9 E | Jupiter | 17 JUL 1994 | 15:12 | -43.48 | 153 | 220,000,000 | 5E+08 | above clouds | PVIA | W94a,H95a,W95a,Y95a,C97a |
| Comet Shoemaker-Levy 9 F | Jupiter | 18 JUL 1994 | 0:33 | -43.55 | 134 | 88,000,000 | 2E+08 | above clouds | PVIA | W94a,H95a,W95a,Y95a |
| Comet Shoemaker-Levy 9 G | Jupiter | 18 JUL 1994 | 7:33:32 | -43.6 | 26 | 600,000,000 | 1E+09 | above clouds | PVIA | W94a,H95a,W95a,Y95a,C97a |
| Comet Shoemaker-Levy 9 H | Jupiter | 18 JUL 1994 | 19:31:59 | -43.74 | 100 | 280,000,000 | 7E+08 | above clouds | PVIA | W94a,H95a,W95a,Y95a,C97a |
| Comet Shoemaker-Levy 9 K | Jupiter | 19 JUL 1994 | 10:24:14 | -43.8 | 279 | 500,000,000 | 1E+09 | above clouds | PVIA | W94a,H95a,W95a,Y95a,C97a |
| Comet Shoemaker-Levy 9 L | Jupiter | 19 JUL 1994 | 22:16:48 | -43.92 | 349 | 380,000,000 | 9E+08 | above clouds | PVIA | W94a,H95a,W95a,Y95a,C97a |
| Comet Shoemaker-Levy 9 M | Jupiter | 20 JUL 1994 | 6:08 | -44 | | | | above clouds | P | Y95a |
| Comet Shoemaker-Levy 9 N | Jupiter | 20 JUL 1994 | 10:29:17 | -44.3 | 72 | 25,000,000 | 6E+07 | above clouds | PVIA | W94a,H95a,W95a,Y95a,C97a |
| Comet Shoemaker-Levy 9 P2 | Jupiter | 20 JUL 1994 | 15:23 | -44.64 | 250 | | | above clouds | PVIA | W94a,H95a,W95a,Y95a |
| Comet Shoemaker-Levy 9 Q2 | Jupiter | 20 JUL 1994 | 19:44 | -44.26 | 46 | 250,000,000 | 6E+08 | above clouds | PVIA | W94a,H95a,W95a,Y95a,C97a |
| Comet Shoemaker-Levy 9 Q1 | Jupiter | 20 JUL 1994 | 20:13:52 | -44.05 | 63 | 620,000,000 | 1.5E+09 | above clouds | PVIA | W94a,H95a,W95a,Y95a,C97a |
| Comet Shoemaker-Levy 9 R | Jupiter | 21 JUL 1994 | 5:35:08 | -44.07 | 45 | 150,000,000 | 4E+08 | above clouds | PVIA | W94a,H95a,W95a,Y95a,C97a |
| Comet Shoemaker-Levy 9 S | Jupiter | 21 JUL 1994 | 15:16 | -44.16 | 33 | 230,000,000 | 5E+08 | above clouds | PVIA | W94a,H95a,W95a,Y95a,C97a |
| Comet Shoemaker-Levy 9 T | Jupiter | 21 JUL 1994 | 18:11 | -44.99 | 141 | | | above clouds | PVIA | W94a,H95a,W95a,Y95a |
| Comet Shoemaker-Levy 9 U | Jupiter | 21 JUL 1994 | 21:56 | -44.43 | 276 | 7,000,000 | 1.5E+07 | above clouds | PVIA | W94a,H95a,W95a,Y95a |
| Comet Shoemaker-Levy 9 V | Jupiter | 22 JUL 1994 | 4:23 | -44.43 | 150 | 23,000,000 | 5E+07 | above clouds | PVIA | W94a,H95a,W95a,Y95a |
| Comet Shoemaker-Levy 9 W | Jupiter | 22 JUL 1994 | 8:06:17 | -44.15 | 283 | 130,000,000 | 3E+08 | above clouds | PVIA | W94a,H95a,W95a,Y95a,C97a |
| 94227 | Earth | 15 AUG 1994 | | | | 0.6 | | | I | N97a |
| 94265 | Earth | 22 SEP 1994 | | | | 0.2 | | | I | N97a |
| 94281 | Earth | 8 OCT 1994 | | | | 0.2 | | | I | N97a |
| 94293 | Earth | 20 OCT 1994 | | | | 0.3 | | | I | N97a |
| 94300 | Earth | 27 OCT 1994 | | | | 1 | | | I | N97a |
| 94305 | Earth | 1 NOV 1994 | 6:50 | 0 | -85 | 4 | | | I | B94b,N97a |
| 94307 | Earth | 3 NOV 1994 | 20:01 | 8 | 85 | 6 | 100 | 30 | I | B94b,N97a |
| 94350 | Earth | 16 DEC 1994 | 9:41:02 | -42.33 | 28.2 | 0.15 | 2 | 30 | I | B94a,N97a |
| 95002 | Earth | 2 JAN 1995 | | | | 0.12 | | | I | N97a |
| 95004 | Earth | 4 JAN 1995 | | | | 0.6 | | | I | N97a |
| 95010 | Earth | 10 JAN 1995 | | | | 0.1 | | | I | N97a |
| 95018 | Earth | 18 JAN 1995 | 10:17:25 | 51.5 | 115.4 | 0.3 | | 25 | I | B95f,N97a |
| 95047B | Earth | 16 FEB 1995 | 13:05:47 | Pacific Ocean | | 0.2 | | | I | B95e,N97a |
| 95092 | Earth | 2 APR 1995 | | | | 0.1 | | | I | N97a |
| 95188 | Earth | 7 JUL 1995 | 17:33:37 | 40.1 | -76.1 | 0.5 | | | IO | B95d,N97a |
| 95190 | Earth | 9 JUL 1995 | | | | 0.8 | | | I | N97a |
| 95192 | Earth | 11 JUL 1995 | | | | 0.4 | | | I | N97a |
| 95217 | Earth | 5 AUG 1995 | | | | 0.3 | | | I | N97a |
| 95218 | Earth | 6 AUG 1995 | | | | 0.2 | | | I | N97a |
| 95229 | Earth | 17 AUG 1995 | | | | 0.5 | | | I | N97a |
| 95236 | Earth | 24 AUG 1995 | | | | 0.4 | | | I | N97a |
| 95252 | Earth | 9 SEP 1995 | | | | 1.4 | | | I | N97a |
| 95274 | Earth | 1 OCT 1995 | | | | 0.14 | | | I | N97a |
| 95317 | Earth | 13 NOV 1995 | | | | 0.1 | | | I | N97a |
| 95329 | Earth | 25 NOV 1995 | | | | 0.12 | | | I | N97a |
| 95343 | Earth | 9 DEC 1995 | 19:54:26 | -3 | -79 | 0.4 | | | I | B97a,N97a |
| 95356 | Earth | 22 DEC 1995 | 13:26:21 | -70.3 | 71.6 | 1.3 | | | I | B95c,N97a |
| 95361 | Earth | 27 DEC 1995 | | | | 1 | | | I | N97a |
| 96015 | Earth | 15 JAN 1996 | 13:44:23 | -59.8 | 175.8 | 0.9 | | | I | B96c,N97a |
| 96046 | Earth | 15 FEB 1996 | | | | 0.19 | | | I | N97a |
| 96047 | Earth | 16 FEB 1996 | | | | 0.13 | | | I | N97a |
| 96073 | Earth | 13 MAR 1996 | | | | 0.7 | | | I | N97a |
| 96089 | Earth | 29 MAR 1996 | 20:30:54 | 21.5 | -158.1 | 0.3 | | | I | B96b,N97a |
| Earth | 30 MAR 1996 | 4:03:42 | -31.3 | -84.1 | 0.2 | | | V | B96b |
| 96096 | Earth | 5 APR 1996 | | | | 0.4 | | | I | N97a |
| Earth | 4 NOV 1996 | 3:44 | 36 | -118 | 0.7 | | | S | R01a |
| Earth | 23 NOV 1996 | 4:05 | 15.28 | -88.87 | | 10 | 11 | O | B99a |
| Earth | 27 APR 1997 | 22:34:21 | -16.6 | 87.5 | 0.17 | | | V | B97b |
| Earth | 5 SEP 1997 | 11:41:54 | -31.2 | 56.3 | 0.1 | | | V | B98a |
| El Paso | Earth | 9 OCT 1997 | 18:47:15 | 31.8 | -106.06 | 0.29 | 7 | 28.5 | SIO | C99a,N01a,W01a,B02a,E04a |
| Greenland | Earth | 9 DEC 1997 | 8:15:55 | 62.87 | -50.01 | 0.11 | 36 | 26 | SO | P01a,R01a |
| Earth | 13 JUN 1998 | 13:30 | 34.2 | -103.3 | 0.1 | | | S | W01a |
| Earth | 11 AUG 1998 | 9:30 | -20 | 128 | 9.3 | | | S | W01a |
| Earth | 16 AUG 1999 | 5:18 | 35.02 | -107.17 | 0.18 | | | S | W01a,B02a |
| Tagish Lake | Earth | 18 JAN 2000 | 16:43:43 | 60.25 | 134.65 | 1.7 | 56 | 30 | SIM | N01a,W01a,B02a,B02b |
| Earth | 18 FEB 2000 | 9:29 | 0.864 | 109.151 | 4 | | | S | W01a,B02a |
| Moravka | Earth | 6 MAY 2000 | 11:52 | 49.6 | 18.539 | 0.1 | 1.5 | 19.5 | SOM | B02a,B03a,B03b |
| Earth | 19 JUL 2000 | 17:40 | -17.7 | 94 | 0.5 | | | S | W01a |
| Acapulco | Earth | 25 AUG 2000 | 1:12:25 | 14.45 | -106.13 | 2.4 | | | SV | W01a,B02a,G02a |
| Pacific | Earth | 23 APR 2001 | 6:12:35 | 27.9 | -133.89 | 11 | | 28.5 | SI | W01a,B02a,G02a |
| Earth | 23 JUL 2001 | 22:19:11 | 41.3 | 77.3 | 3 | | 32 | SI | B01a,R01a,E04a |
| Earth | 9 MAR 2002 | 1:20 | 7 | -147 | 1.1 | | | S | B02a |
| Crete | Earth | 6 JUN 2002 | 4:28 | 34 | 21 | 26 | | 32.8 | S | B02a,R08b |
| Earth | 25 JUL 2002 | 15:58 | -29 | 47 | 0.6 | | | S | B02a |
| Vitim | Earth | 24 SEP 2002 | 16:48:56 | 58.21 | 113.46 | 0.5 | | 30 | OSV | B02c,S03a,K05b |
| Park Forest | Earth | 27 MAR 2003 | 5:50:26 | 41.46 | -87.73 | 0.34 | 7.8 | 17 | OIMS | B04a,P04a,E04a |
| 8 | Mars | ~ APR 2004 | | 2.5 | -136 | 0.3 | | 0 | #C | M06a,M06b |
| Antarctica | Earth | 3 SEP 2004 | 12:07:21 | -67.72 | 16.89 | 13 | 650 | 25 | SIA | K05a,A08a,R08b |
| Earth | 7 OCT 2004 | | | | | | | S | A08a |
| 2 | Mars | ~ JAN 2006 | | 25.8 | -308 | 0.1 | | 0 | #C | M06a,M06b |
| Earth | 9 DEC 2006 | | | | | | | S | A08a |
| Carancas | Earth | 15 SEP 2007 | 16:44:19 | -16.664 | -69.044 | 0.14 | 6 | 0 | SOMC | B08a |
| 2008-205 | Earth | 23 JUL 2008 | 14:45:25 | 38.6 | 68 | 0.1 | | | V | B08b |
| 2008 TC3 | Earth | 7 OCT 2008 | 2:45:40 | 20.772 | 32.246 | 1.5 | 83 | 37 | PVOMA | J08a
|
| Jupiter | 19 JUL 2009 | | | | | | above clouds | IA | J09a |
| P/2010 A2 | P/2010 A2 | 6 JAN 2010 | | | | | | | A | N10a |
Detection codes:
- A: atmospheric debris observed
- C: crater (or craters) resulted
- I: infrared sensors (for Earth impacts, satellite-based sensors)
- M: meteorites recovered
- O: observed visually
- P: predicted (impacting object was discovered and orbit determined prior to impact)
- S: infrasound detection
- V: optical sensors (for Earth impacts, satellite-based sensors)
- #: impact not observed, but impact constrained to a period of a few months by successive satellite imagery
- *: no destructive impact, but object left atmosphere and remained in solar orbit
Sources:
- A08a: Arrowsmith, Stephen J., Doug ReVelle, Wayne Edwards, and Peter Brown, 2008, Global detection of infrasonic signals from three large bolides, Earth Moon and Planets, 102:357-363.
- B94a: Brown, P., 1994, United States Air Force news release, on line [http://aquarid.physics.uwo.ca/~pbrown/usaf/usaf942.txt].
- B94b: Brown, P., 1994, United States Air Force news release, on line [http://aquarid.physics.uwo.ca/~pbrown/usaf/usaf941.txt].
- B95a: Boslough, Mark B. E., and D. A. Crawford, 1995, Shoemaker-Levy 9 and plume-forming collisions on Earth, Proceedings of the International Symposium on Near-Earth Objects
- B95b: Bailey, Mark E., Damian J. Markham, Sonia Massai, and James E. Scriven, 1995, The 1930 August 13 'Brazilian Tunguska' Event, The Observatory, 115:250-253.
- B95c: Brown, P., 1995, USAF press release, on line [http://aquarid.physics.uwo.ca/~pbrown/usaf/usaf954.txt].
- B95d: Brown, P., 1995, United States Air Force news release, on line [http://aquarid.physics.uwo.ca/~pbrown/usaf/usaf953.txt].
- B95e: Brown, P., 1995, United States Air Force news release, on line [http://aquarid.physics.uwo.ca/~pbrown/usaf/usaf952.txt].
- B95f: Brown, P., 1995, United States Air Force news release, on line [http://aquarid.physics.uwo.ca/~pbrown/usaf/usaf951.txt].
- B96a: Borovicka, J., and P. Spurny, 1996, Radiation study of two very bright terrestrial bolides and an application to the comet S-L 9 collision with Jupiter, Icarus, 121:484-510.
- B96b: Brown, P., 1996, USAF news release, on line [http://aquarid.physics.uwo.ca/~pbrown/usaf/usaf962.txt].
- B96c: Brown, P., 1996, USAF news release, on line [http://www.fas.org/irp/agency/aftac/news/usaf961.txt].
- B96d: Brown, Peter, Alan R. Hildebrand, Daniel W. E. Green, Denis Page, Cliff Jacobs, Doug ReVelle, Edward Tagliaferri, John Wacker, and Bob Wetmiller, 1996, The fall of the St-Robert meteorite, Meteorics and Planetary Science, 31:502-517.
- B97a: Brown, P., 1997, USAF press release, on line [http://aquarid.physics.uwo.ca/~pbrown/usaf/usaf971.txt].
- B97b: Brown, P., 1997, USAF news release, on line [http://www.fas.org/irp/agency/aftac/news/usaf972.txt].
- B98a: Brown, P., 1998, USAF press release, on line [http://aquarid.physics.uwo.ca/~pbrown/usaf/usaf981.txt].
- B99a: Borovicka, J., M. C. Pineda de Carias, A. Ocampo, E. Tagliaferri, and R. E. Spalding, 1999, About a big fireball seen in Honduras, Proceedings of the International Conference held at Tatranska Lomnica, Slovakia, August 17-21, 1998, 139.
- B01a: Brown, P., 2001, Fireball detection, on line [http://aquarid.physics.uwo.ca/~pbrown/usaf/dod212.txt].
- B02a: Brown, P., R. E. Spalding, D. O. ReVelle, E. Tagliaferri, and S. P. Worden, 2002, The flux of small near-Earth objects colliding with the Earth, Nature, 420:294-296.
- B02b: Brown, Peter G., Douglas O. ReVelle, Edward Tagliaferri, and Alan R. Hildebrand, 2002, An entry model for the Tagish Lake fireball using seismic, satellite and infrasound records, Meteorics and Planetary Science, 37:661-675.
- B02c: Brown, P., 2002, Fireball detection, on line [http://aquarid.physics.uwo.ca/~pbrown/usaf/dod221.txt].
- B03a: Borovicka, J., H. W. Weber, T. Jopek, P. Jakes, Z. Randa, P. G. Brown, D. O. ReVelle, P. Kalenda, L. Schultz, J. Kucera, J. Haloda, P. Tycova, J. Fryda, and F. Brandstatter, 2003, The Moravka meteorite fall: 3. Meteoroid initial size, history, structure, and composition, Meteorics and Planetary Science, 38(7):1005-1021.
- B03b: Borovicka, J. P. Spurny, P. Kalenda, and E. Tagliaferri, 2003, The Moravka meteorite fall: 1. Description of the events and determination of the fireball trajectory and orbit from video records, Meteorics and Planetary Science, 38(7):975-987.
- B03c: Buratti, Bonnie J., and Lane L. Johnson, 2003, Identification of the lunar flash of 1953 with a fresh crater on the Moon's surface, Icarus, 161:192-197.
- B04a: Brown, P., D. Pack, W. N. Edwards, D. O. ReVelle, B. B. Yoo, R. E. Spalding, and E. Tagliaferri, 2004, The orbit, atmospheric dynamics, and initial mass of the Park Forest meteorite, Meteorics and Planetary Science, 39(11):1781-1796.
- B08a: Brown, P., D. O. ReVelle, E. A. Silber, W. N. Edwards, S. Arrowsmith, L. E. Jackson Jr., G. Tancredi, and D. Eaton, 2008, Analysis of a crater-forming meteorite impact in Peru, JGR, 113:E09007.
- B08b: Brown, P., 2008, Bolide detection notification: 2008-205, online [http://aquarid.physics.uwo.ca/~pbrown/usaf/sandia28001.pdf].
- C94a: Ceplecha, Z., 1994, Earth-grazing daylight fireball fo August 10, 1972, Astronomy and Astrophysics, 283:287-288.
- C97a: Crawford, D. A., 1997, Comet Shoemaker-Levy 9 fragment size and mass estimates from light flux observations, LPS 28:1351.
- C99a: Ceplecha, Z., R. E. Spalding, C. Jacobs, D. O. ReVelle, E. Tagliaferri, and P. Brown, 1999, Superbolides, Proceedings of the International Conference held at Tatranska Lomnica, Slovakia, August 17-21, 1998, 37.
- E04a: Edwards, Wayne N., Peter G. Brown, and Douglas O. ReVelle, 2004, Bolide energy estimates from infrasonic measurements, Earth Moon and Planets, 95:501-512.
- E06a: Edwards, Wayne N., Peter G. Brown, and Douglas O. ReVelle, 2006, Estimates of meteoroid kinetic energies from observations of infrasonic airwaves, J. of Atmos. And Solar-Terr. Physics, 68:1136-1160.
- G02a: Garces, Milton, Claus Hetzer, Kent Lindquist, and Douglas Drob, 2002, Source location algorithm for infrasonic monitoring, 24th Seismic Research Review--Nuclear Explosion Monitoring: Innovation and Integration, 06-04.
- H95a: Hammel, H. B., et al., 1995, HST impaging of atmospheric phenomena created by the impact of comet Shoemaker-Levy 9, Science, 267:1288-1296.
- J08a: Jenniskens, P., et al., 2008, The impact and recovery of asteroid 2008 TC3, Nature, 458:485-488.
- J09a: JPL, 2009, New NASA images indicate object hits Jupiter, JPL, on line [http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.cfm?release=2009-112].
- K88a: Kolovos, G., J. H. Seiradakis, H. Varvoglis, and S. Avgoloupis, 1988, Photographic evidence of a short duration: Strong flash from the surface of the Moon, Icarus, 76(3):525-532.
- K05a: Klekociuk, Andrew R., Peter G. Brown, Dee W. Pack, Douglas O. ReVelle, W. N. Edwards, Richard E. Spalding, Edward Tagliaferri, Bernard B. Yoo, and Joseph Zagari, 2005, Meteoric dust from the atmospheric disintegration of a large meteoroid, Nature, 436:1132-1135.
- K05b: Kasatkina, E. A., and O. I. Shumilov, 2005, Some atmospheric and mangetospheric effects possibly related to the Vitim bolide impact, Geophysical Research Abstracts, 7:00257.
- M06a: Malin, Michael C., Kenneth S. Edgett, Liliya V. Posiolova, Shawn M. McColley, and Eldar Z. Noe Dobrea, 2006, Present-day impact cratering rate and contemporary gully activity on Mars, Science, 314:1573-1577.
- M06b: Malin, Michael C., Kenneth S. Edgett, Liliya V. Posiolova, Shawn M. McColley, and Eldar Z. Noe Dobrea, 2006, Supporting online material for Present-day impact cratering rate and contemporary gully activity on Mars, Science, 314:1573.
- M09a: Meteoritical Society, 1 June 2009, Sikhote-Alin, Meteoritical Society, on line [http://tin.er.usgs.gov/meteor/metbull.php?code=23593].
- N97a: Nemtchinov, I. V., V. V. Svetsov, I. B. Kosarev, A. P. Golub, O. P. Popova, V. V. Shuvalov, R. E. Spalding, C. Jacobs, and E. Tagliaferri, 1997, Assessment of kinetic energy of meteoroids detected by satellite-based light sensors, Icarus, 130:259-274.
- N01a: Norris, David E., and Robert G. Gibson, 2001, Inframap propagation modeling enhancements and the study of recent bolide events, 23rd Seismic Research Review: Worldwide Monitoring of Nuclear Explosions, 07-09.
- N09a: Napier, Bill, and David Asher, 2009, The Tunguska impact event and beyond, A&G, 50(1):18-26.
- N10a: NASA, 2010, Suspected asteroid collision leaves odd X-pattern of trailing debris, Hubble Site, on line [http://hubblesite.org/newscenter/archive/releases/2010/07/image/a/].
- P01a: Pedersen, H. R. E. Spalding, E. Tagliaferri, Z. Ceplecha, T. Risbo, and H. Haack, 2001, Greenland superbolide event of 1997 December 9, Meteorics and Planetary Science, 36:549-558.
- P04a: Pack, D. W., B. B. Yoo, and E. Tagliaferri, 2004, Satellite sensor detection of a major meteor event in the United States on 27 March 2003: The Park Forest, Illinois bolide, 2004 Planetary Defense Conference: Protecting Earth from Asteroids, AIAA 2004-1407.
- R97a: ReVelle, Douglas O., Historical detection of atmospheric impacts by large bolides using acoustic-gravity waves, Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 822:284-302.
- R01a: ReVelle, D. O., 2001, Global infrasonic monitoring of large bolides, Proceedings of the Meteoroids 2001 Conference, ESA Publ. Div. (Noordwijk), 483-489.
- R08a: ReVelle, Douglas O., Elizabeth A. Sukara, Wayne N. Edwards, and Peter G. Brown, 2008, Reanalysis of the historic AFTAC bolide infrasound database, Earth Moon and Planets, 102:337-344.
- R08b: ReVelle, Douglas O., 2008, Acoustic-gravity waves from bolide sources, Earth Moon and Planets, 102:345-356.
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© 2003-2009, 2010 by Wm. Robert Johnston.
Last modified 7 March 2010.
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