Summary of historical attacks using chemical or biological weapons

compiled by Wm. Robert Johnston
last updated 5 December 2017

The following table summarizes known historical instances of the use of chemical or biological weapons, in reverse chronological order. The listing is limited to events after 1900 (while there were some earlier instances of chemical/biological warfare, these instances were generally of very limited effectiveness). Note that some incidents are disputed, and casualty figures in some cases are very uncertain. Events included:

use in warfare: multiple attacks within a war are grouped together.
use by terrorists: includes attacks with larger numbers of casualties.
other: several criminal incidents and accidental chemical releases are included because of their significance.

Sources are provided following the table.

date location attacker agent affected pop casualties description

21 - 27 Oct 2016 near Mosul, Iraq Islamic State militants sulfur civilians, soldiers 2 killed, 1,500 injured sulfur mine set on fire, producing widespread sulfur dioxide plumes

8 Mar 2016 Taza, Kirkuk, Iraq Islamic State blistering agent civilians 1 killed, 600 injured attack on town; fatality was 3-year-old child

23 Jan 2015 between Mosul, Iraq, and Syrian border Islamic State militants chlorine Kurdish soldiers ~30 injured truck bomb with chlorine-filled tanks used against troops

Sep - Oct 2014 Duluiya and Balad, Iraq Islamic State militants chlorine, possibly mustard gas Iraqi and Shiite soldiers 40 injured bombs with chlorine-filled cylinders used against defending troops

27 Mar - 22 Apr 2014 Syria--Damascus, Kafr Zita in Hama, and Talmenes in Idlib Syrian military suspected chlorine, others civilians 104 killed, 200 injured chlorine bombs used on civilians in two towns

21 Aug 2013 Damascus suburbs, Syria Syrian military sarin nerve gas? civilian urban areas 1,429 killed (including 426 children), 2,200 injured rockets with chemical agents fired at about 12 areas in suburbs south and east of Damascus, targeting rebel-held areas

19 Mar - 13 Apr 2013 Syria--Damascus, Al-Otaybeh, Khan al-Assal, Adra, Aleppo, Sheikh Maqsoud, and Saraqeb Syrian military? multiple chemical agents? rebel soldiers and civilians at least 44 killed, 76 injured multiple attacks, mostly blamed on Syrian government; Syrian government accuses rebels of the attacks

Apr 2012 - Jun 2013 Afghanistan--Takhar province (9), Sar-e-Pul province (4), others Islamist terrorists pesticides? schoolchildren 1,952 injured (including 1,924 children) 23 poison attacks on girls' schools, some cases of water poisoning

Mar 2012 - Apr 2013 Afghanistan Islamist terrorists rat poison? police, other civilians 53 killed, 40 injured 9 attacks involving poisoning of food at police stations/academies

Apr - Aug 2010 Afghanistan--Kabul (6), Kunduz (4), others Islamist terrorists pesticides? schoolchildren 672 injured (including 636 children) 20 gas attacks on girls' schools

11 Mar 2007 Iraq Islamist terrorists mustard gas U.S. soldiers 2 injured failed improved explosive device using chemical weapon artillery shells

Oct 2006 - Jun 2007 Iraq cities--Ramadi (6), Baghdad (3), Falluja (3), others Islamist terrorists chlorine civilian targets 115 killed*, 854 injured (including 85 children) 15 car/truck bombings with chlorine tanks used; most fatalities were from the explosions, most injuries from the chemical releases

8 Oct 2006 Numaniyah, Iraq Islamist terrorists poison policemen 7 killed, 700 injured poisoning of food at meal on police base; unconfirmed

25 Sep 2006 Baghdad, Iraq Isalmist terrorists mustard gas U.S. soldiers 2 injured improved explosive device using chemical weapon artillery shells

15 May 2004 Baghdad, Iraq Islamist terrorists sarin nerve gas U.S. soldiers 2 injured failed improvised explosive device using chemical weapon artillery shell near Baghdad airport

24 Jun - Jul 2003 near Mosul, Iraq Islamist terrorists sulfur civilians, soldiers ? injured sulfur stockpiles at mine set on fire, producing widespread sulfur dioxide plumes; at least 41 U.S. soldiers injured

11 Nov 2002 Changde, PR China criminal poison schoolchildren 193 injured (mostly children) poisoning of food at high school

26 Oct 2002 Moscow, Russia Russian soldiers fentanyl incapacitating agent terrorists and civilian hostages 124 killed, 501 injured Chechen terrorists took 800 hostages at Moscow theater, 23 Oct; Russian forces used fentanyl when storming the theater and killing all the terrorists on 26 Oct, but many hostages were killed or injured by the gas

18 Sep - 9 Oct 2001 United States--Washington, DC, New York City, NY, others Bruce Ivins? anthrax government and civilian media individuals; postal employees and customer 5 killed, 17 injured anthrax-laced letters mailed to federal officials in Washington DC and new media offices in multiple locations; many casualties among postal workers

20 Mar 1995 Tokyo Aum Shinrikyo cult sarin nerve gas Tokyo subway 12 killed, 5,511 injured nerve gas releases in subway; many permanent injuries

28 Jun 1994 Matsumoto, Japan Aum Shinrikyo cult sarin nerve gas civilians 7 killed, 270 injured overnight release of nerve gas in city

21 Jan 1994 Ormancik, Turkey terrorists chemical agent civilians 16 killed attack on village using chemical grenades

16 Mar 1988 Halabja, Iraq Iraqi military cyanide, mustard gas, nerve agents Iraqi Kurdish civilians 5,000 killed, 8,000 injured use of chemical agents against civilians in village; additional use of agents by Iranian military possible

6 Sep 1987 Zamboanga City, Philippines terrorists poison policemen 19 killed, 140 injured water poisoning with pesticide at constabulary

1987 - Aug 1988 Iraq-Iran Iranian military mustard gas, cyanide Iraqi soldiers ? some use

2 - 3 Dec 1984 Bhopal, India accidental methyl isocynate gas civilians 3,787 killed, 558,125 injured (including 200,000 children) accidental release from pesticide plant, with gas plume blown across city of Bhopal

9 - 19 Sep 1984 The Dalles, Oregon, United States Bhadwan Shree Rajneesh cult salmonella civilian restaurants 751 injured food poisoning in several restaurants; was experiment in preparation to interfere with upcoming election

Aug 1983 - Jul 1988 Iraq-Iran Iraqi military chemical agents Iranian soldiers and civilians 21,000 killed, 92,000 injured extensive use against soldiers and civilians

Jun 1979 - mid 1981 Afghanistan Soviet and Afghan militaries multiple chemical agents civilians and rebel soldiers 3,042 killed used in at least 47 instances in the invasion of Afghanistan

Apr 1979 suburbs southeast of Sverdlovsk, USSR accidental anthrax civilians 68 killed, 300 injured accidental release from bioweapons production facility caused anthrax outbreak in Sverdlovsk; cause of outbreak was denied by Soviet government

18 Nov 1978 Guyana--Jonestown, Georgetown People's Temple cult poison cult members and children 913 killed (including 276 children) mass suicide by cult members

1978 - 1983 western Kampuchea Vietnamese military chemical agents civilians, soldiers 1,014 killed used in at least 124 instances by government forces against rebel areas

mid 1975 - 1983 Laos--Vientiane, Xiangkhoang, and Louangphrabang provinces Laotian and Vietnamese militaries chemical agents civilians, soldiers 6,504 killed used in at least 261 instances by government forces against rebel areas

Jul 1963 - 1967 Yemen Egyptian military mustard gas, phosgene, nerve agents soldiers, civilians 527 killed multiple attacks

1961 - 1970 Vietnam US military Agent Orange, other herbicides jungle and crop areas thousands of long-term injuries? extensive use of herbicides by US forces in Vietnam; agents not harmful to humans by design, but various health effects identified

14 Apr 1946 Camp Stalag 13, Nuremberg, Germany Jewish terrorists cyanide SS prisoners 2,283 injured poisoning of bread for Nazi prisoners

2 Dec 1943 Bari, Italy accidental mustard gas civilians 83 killed, 628 injured German aerial attack on Allied ships in harbor strikes one loaded with mustard gas shells; gas release causes military and civilian casualties

Dec 1941 - Apr 1945 Germany, Poland, Austria German government Zyklon B, carbon monoxide concentration camp prisoners 1,600,000 killed* use in gas chambers for genocide against concentration camp prisoners, mostly Jewish civilians; note this is only a portion of overall Holocaust deaths by other means

1940 - 1942 China--11 cities Japanese military cholera, other bioagents cities 2,400 killed, 10,000 injured multiple attacks, some causing significant casualties among Japanese soldiers as well

8 Sep 1939 Jaslo, Poland Polish resistance mustard gas German soldiers 2 killed, 12 injured chemical agent bombs used against attacking German troops

1938 - 1945 China Japanese military mustard gas, other chemical agents Chinese soldiers and civilians 10,000 killed, 72,000 injured chemical weapons extensively used throughout war in China; many chemical weapons left behind after end of World War II, causing continued casualties as they are discovered

1935 - 1936 Ethiopia Italian military mustard gas Ethiopian soldiers 15,000 casualties multiple attacks

1934 - 1937 Sinkiang Soviet military mustard gas Chinese soldiers ? multiple attacks

1932 - 1945 Ping Fan, Manchuria Japanese military multiple biological agents war prisoners 1,000 killed, 2,000 injured tests of bioweapon agents on prisoners

1924 - 1925 Morocco Spanish military mustard gas Rif soldiers and civilians 1,000 casualties? gas used multiple times in Spanish campaign against Rif tribe

May 1921 Tambov area, Russia Red army chemical agents peasant rebels and civilians ? used during Russian civil war

1919 Russia British military mustard gas Red Army soldiers ? used during Russian civil war

22 Apr 1915 - Nov 1918 Europe--Poland, France, Belgium, others; Ottoman Empire German, French, British, American, Russian militaries chlorine, phosgene, mustard gas, multiple other chemical agents soldiers 90,000 killed, 1,300,000 injured chemical weapons attacks during World War I; tear gas first used by France in 1914, lethal agents first used by German (1915), then by Allies (British in 1914, US in 1918); fatalities 56,000 Russian, 9,000 German, 8,100 British, 8,000 French, 4,600 Italian, 3,000 Austria-Hungarian, 1,460 American; injuries 419,000 Russian, 191,000 German, 182,000 French, 180,600 British, 100,000 Austria-Hungarian, 71,300 American, 60,000 Italian

date	location	attacker	agent	affected pop	casualties	description
21 - 27 Oct 2016	near Mosul, Iraq	Islamic State militants	sulfur	civilians, soldiers	2 killed, 1,500 injured	sulfur mine set on fire, producing widespread sulfur dioxide plumes
8 Mar 2016	Taza, Kirkuk, Iraq	Islamic State	blistering agent	civilians	1 killed, 600 injured	attack on town; fatality was 3-year-old child
23 Jan 2015	between Mosul, Iraq, and Syrian border	Islamic State militants	chlorine	Kurdish soldiers	~30 injured	truck bomb with chlorine-filled tanks used against troops
Sep - Oct 2014	Duluiya and Balad, Iraq	Islamic State militants	chlorine, possibly mustard gas	Iraqi and Shiite soldiers	40 injured	bombs with chlorine-filled cylinders used against defending troops
27 Mar - 22 Apr 2014	Syria--Damascus, Kafr Zita in Hama, and Talmenes in Idlib	Syrian military suspected	chlorine, others	civilians	104 killed, 200 injured	chlorine bombs used on civilians in two towns
21 Aug 2013	Damascus suburbs, Syria	Syrian military	sarin nerve gas?	civilian urban areas	1,429 killed (including 426 children), 2,200 injured	rockets with chemical agents fired at about 12 areas in suburbs south and east of Damascus, targeting rebel-held areas
19 Mar - 13 Apr 2013	Syria--Damascus, Al-Otaybeh, Khan al-Assal, Adra, Aleppo, Sheikh Maqsoud, and Saraqeb	Syrian military?	multiple chemical agents?	rebel soldiers and civilians	at least 44 killed, 76 injured	multiple attacks, mostly blamed on Syrian government; Syrian government accuses rebels of the attacks
Apr 2012 - Jun 2013	Afghanistan--Takhar province (9), Sar-e-Pul province (4), others	Islamist terrorists	pesticides?	schoolchildren	1,952 injured (including 1,924 children)	23 poison attacks on girls' schools, some cases of water poisoning
Mar 2012 - Apr 2013	Afghanistan	Islamist terrorists	rat poison?	police, other civilians	53 killed, 40 injured	9 attacks involving poisoning of food at police stations/academies
Apr - Aug 2010	Afghanistan--Kabul (6), Kunduz (4), others	Islamist terrorists	pesticides?	schoolchildren	672 injured (including 636 children)	20 gas attacks on girls' schools
11 Mar 2007	Iraq	Islamist terrorists	mustard gas	U.S. soldiers	2 injured	failed improved explosive device using chemical weapon artillery shells
Oct 2006 - Jun 2007	Iraq cities--Ramadi (6), Baghdad (3), Falluja (3), others	Islamist terrorists	chlorine	civilian targets	115 killed*, 854 injured (including 85 children)	15 car/truck bombings with chlorine tanks used; most fatalities were from the explosions, most injuries from the chemical releases
8 Oct 2006	Numaniyah, Iraq	Islamist terrorists	poison	policemen	7 killed, 700 injured	poisoning of food at meal on police base; unconfirmed
25 Sep 2006	Baghdad, Iraq	Isalmist terrorists	mustard gas	U.S. soldiers	2 injured	improved explosive device using chemical weapon artillery shells
15 May 2004	Baghdad, Iraq	Islamist terrorists	sarin nerve gas	U.S. soldiers	2 injured	failed improvised explosive device using chemical weapon artillery shell near Baghdad airport
24 Jun - Jul 2003	near Mosul, Iraq	Islamist terrorists	sulfur	civilians, soldiers	? injured	sulfur stockpiles at mine set on fire, producing widespread sulfur dioxide plumes; at least 41 U.S. soldiers injured
11 Nov 2002	Changde, PR China	criminal	poison	schoolchildren	193 injured (mostly children)	poisoning of food at high school
26 Oct 2002	Moscow, Russia	Russian soldiers	fentanyl incapacitating agent	terrorists and civilian hostages	124 killed, 501 injured	Chechen terrorists took 800 hostages at Moscow theater, 23 Oct; Russian forces used fentanyl when storming the theater and killing all the terrorists on 26 Oct, but many hostages were killed or injured by the gas
18 Sep - 9 Oct 2001	United States--Washington, DC, New York City, NY, others	Bruce Ivins?	anthrax	government and civilian media individuals; postal employees and customer	5 killed, 17 injured	anthrax-laced letters mailed to federal officials in Washington DC and new media offices in multiple locations; many casualties among postal workers
20 Mar 1995	Tokyo	Aum Shinrikyo cult	sarin nerve gas	Tokyo subway	12 killed, 5,511 injured	nerve gas releases in subway; many permanent injuries
28 Jun 1994	Matsumoto, Japan	Aum Shinrikyo cult	sarin nerve gas	civilians	7 killed, 270 injured	overnight release of nerve gas in city
21 Jan 1994	Ormancik, Turkey	terrorists	chemical agent	civilians	16 killed	attack on village using chemical grenades
16 Mar 1988	Halabja, Iraq	Iraqi military	cyanide, mustard gas, nerve agents	Iraqi Kurdish civilians	5,000 killed, 8,000 injured	use of chemical agents against civilians in village; additional use of agents by Iranian military possible
6 Sep 1987	Zamboanga City, Philippines	terrorists	poison	policemen	19 killed, 140 injured	water poisoning with pesticide at constabulary
1987 - Aug 1988	Iraq-Iran	Iranian military	mustard gas, cyanide	Iraqi soldiers	?	some use
2 - 3 Dec 1984	Bhopal, India	accidental	methyl isocynate gas	civilians	3,787 killed, 558,125 injured (including 200,000 children)	accidental release from pesticide plant, with gas plume blown across city of Bhopal
9 - 19 Sep 1984	The Dalles, Oregon, United States	Bhadwan Shree Rajneesh cult	salmonella	civilian restaurants	751 injured	food poisoning in several restaurants; was experiment in preparation to interfere with upcoming election
Aug 1983 - Jul 1988	Iraq-Iran	Iraqi military	chemical agents	Iranian soldiers and civilians	21,000 killed, 92,000 injured	extensive use against soldiers and civilians
Jun 1979 - mid 1981	Afghanistan	Soviet and Afghan militaries	multiple chemical agents	civilians and rebel soldiers	3,042 killed	used in at least 47 instances in the invasion of Afghanistan
Apr 1979	suburbs southeast of Sverdlovsk, USSR	accidental	anthrax	civilians	68 killed, 300 injured	accidental release from bioweapons production facility caused anthrax outbreak in Sverdlovsk; cause of outbreak was denied by Soviet government
18 Nov 1978	Guyana--Jonestown, Georgetown	People's Temple cult	poison	cult members and children	913 killed (including 276 children)	mass suicide by cult members
1978 - 1983	western Kampuchea	Vietnamese military	chemical agents	civilians, soldiers	1,014 killed	used in at least 124 instances by government forces against rebel areas
mid 1975 - 1983	Laos--Vientiane, Xiangkhoang, and Louangphrabang provinces	Laotian and Vietnamese militaries	chemical agents	civilians, soldiers	6,504 killed	used in at least 261 instances by government forces against rebel areas
Jul 1963 - 1967	Yemen	Egyptian military	mustard gas, phosgene, nerve agents	soldiers, civilians	527 killed	multiple attacks
1961 - 1970	Vietnam	US military	Agent Orange, other herbicides	jungle and crop areas	thousands of long-term injuries?	extensive use of herbicides by US forces in Vietnam; agents not harmful to humans by design, but various health effects identified
14 Apr 1946	Camp Stalag 13, Nuremberg, Germany	Jewish terrorists	cyanide	SS prisoners	2,283 injured	poisoning of bread for Nazi prisoners
2 Dec 1943	Bari, Italy	accidental	mustard gas	civilians	83 killed, 628 injured	German aerial attack on Allied ships in harbor strikes one loaded with mustard gas shells; gas release causes military and civilian casualties
Dec 1941 - Apr 1945	Germany, Poland, Austria	German government	Zyklon B, carbon monoxide	concentration camp prisoners	1,600,000 killed*	use in gas chambers for genocide against concentration camp prisoners, mostly Jewish civilians; note this is only a portion of overall Holocaust deaths by other means
1940 - 1942	China--11 cities	Japanese military	cholera, other bioagents	cities	2,400 killed, 10,000 injured	multiple attacks, some causing significant casualties among Japanese soldiers as well
8 Sep 1939	Jaslo, Poland	Polish resistance	mustard gas	German soldiers	2 killed, 12 injured	chemical agent bombs used against attacking German troops
1938 - 1945	China	Japanese military	mustard gas, other chemical agents	Chinese soldiers and civilians	10,000 killed, 72,000 injured	chemical weapons extensively used throughout war in China; many chemical weapons left behind after end of World War II, causing continued casualties as they are discovered
1935 - 1936	Ethiopia	Italian military	mustard gas	Ethiopian soldiers	15,000 casualties	multiple attacks
1934 - 1937	Sinkiang	Soviet military	mustard gas	Chinese soldiers	?	multiple attacks
1932 - 1945	Ping Fan, Manchuria	Japanese military	multiple biological agents	war prisoners	1,000 killed, 2,000 injured	tests of bioweapon agents on prisoners
1924 - 1925	Morocco	Spanish military	mustard gas	Rif soldiers and civilians	1,000 casualties?	gas used multiple times in Spanish campaign against Rif tribe
May 1921	Tambov area, Russia	Red army	chemical agents	peasant rebels and civilians	?	used during Russian civil war
1919	Russia	British military	mustard gas	Red Army soldiers	?	used during Russian civil war
22 Apr 1915 - Nov 1918	Europe--Poland, France, Belgium, others; Ottoman Empire	German, French, British, American, Russian militaries	chlorine, phosgene, mustard gas, multiple other chemical agents	soldiers	90,000 killed, 1,300,000 injured	chemical weapons attacks during World War I; tear gas first used by France in 1914, lethal agents first used by German (1915), then by Allies (British in 1914, US in 1918); fatalities 56,000 Russian, 9,000 German, 8,100 British, 8,000 French, 4,600 Italian, 3,000 Austria-Hungarian, 1,460 American; injuries 419,000 Russian, 191,000 German, 182,000 French, 180,600 British, 100,000 Austria-Hungarian, 71,300 American, 60,000 Italian

Sources (list under construction):

AdnKronos International, 11 May 2010, "Afghanistan: Jihadists attack a third girls' school with poison gas," Jihad Watch, on line [http://www.jihadwatch.org/2010/05/afghanistan-jihadists-attack-a-third-girls-school-with-gas.html].
Ali, Javed, spring 2001, "Chemical weapons and the Iran-Iraq war: A case study in noncompliance," Nonproliferation Review.
American-Israeli Cooperative Enterprise, "The 'Final solution': Gassing victims," Jewish Virtual Library, on line [http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Holocaust/gastoc.html].
AP, 12 Dec. 2002, "China arrests two on charges they put rat poison in school food, sickening 193 students and teachers," FoodHACCP.com, on line [http://foodhaccp.com/msgboard.mv?parm_func=showmsg+parm_msgnum=1006289].
AP, 22 Feb. 2007, "Chlorine gas attacks hint at new enemy strategy," MSNBC, on line [http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/17254507/#.T5M8GNX9aY8].
AP, 14 March 2015, "Islamic State used chemical weapons against peshmerga, Kurds say," The Guardian, on line [http://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/mar/14/islamic-state-isis-used-chemical-weapons-peshmerga-kurds].
Arutz Sheva, 24 April 2014, "UN calls for investigation into Syrian chlorine attack," Arutz Sheva, on line [http://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/News.aspx/179862#.VEwJhclMHZ4].
Ballard, Tim, Jason Pate, Gary Ackerman, Diana McCauley, and Sean Lawson, "Chronology of Aum Shinrikyo's CBW Activities," 15 March 2001, on line, Center for Nonproliferation Studies [http://cns.miis.edu/pubs/reports/pdfs/aum_chrn.pdf].
BBC, 6 April 2007, "Ramadi suicide bombing 'kills 35'," BBC News, on line [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/6532271.stm].
BBC, 16 May 2007, "'Chlorine bomb' hits Iraq village," BBC, on line [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/6660585.stm].
BBC, 21 Aug. 2013, "Syria chemical weapons allegations," BBC, on line [http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-22557347].
Barenblatt, Daniel, 2004, Plague Upon Humanity: The Secret Genocide of Axis Japan's Germ Warfare Operation, Harper Collins (New York, NY).
Berthelsen, Christian, 21 Feb. 2007, "Rape allegations amid Iraq car bombings," Los Angeles Times, on line [http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/world/la-ex-iraq21feb22,0,3966937.story?coll=la-home-headlines].
Branigin, William, and Joby Warrick, 18 May 2004, "Deadly nerve agent sarin is found in roadside bomb," Washington Post, on line [http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A33082-2004May17.html].
Brodsky, Benjamin, 31 July 2007, "Industrial chemicals as weapons: Chlorine," Nuclear Threat Institute, on line [http://www.nti.org/analysis/articles/industrial-chemicals-weapons-chlorine/].
Cameron, Gavin, "WMD Terrorism in the United States: The Threat and Possible Countermeasures," spring 2000, The Nonproliferation Review, on line, Center for Nonproliferation Studies [http://cns.miis.edu/pubs/].
Caneva, Duane C., 17 March 2008, "Response to chlorine mass/multiple casualties: Experiences from Iraq," Integrated Training Summit, on line [http://www.integratedtrainingsummit.org/presentations/2008/main_training_summit/course_6_-_lessons_learned_military_chlorine_tanker_explosion_-_caneva_duane.pdf].
Cave, Damien, and Ahmad Fadam, 21 Feb. 2007, "Iraqi militants use bomb with chlorine gas," New York Times, on line [http://www.nytimes.com/2007/02/21/world/middleeast/21cnd-baghdad.html?_r=1].
CBS/AP, 12 March 2016, "Iraqi officials: ISIS chemical weapons attacks kill child, would 600," CBS News, on line [http://www.cbsnews.com/news/iraqi-officials-isis-chemical-weapons-attacks-kill-child-wound-600/].
Chivers, C. J., 14 Oct. 2014, "The secret casualties of Iraq's abandoned chemical weapons," New York Times, on line [http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2014/10/14/world/middleeast/us-casualties-of-iraq-chemical-weapons.html].
CIA, 2 Feb. 1982, "Use of toxins and other lethal chemicals in Southeast Asia and Afghanistan" (sanitized), CIA, on line [http:// www.foia.cia.gov/sites/default/files/document_conversions/89801/DOC_0000284013.pdf].
CIA, 22 April 2007, "Iraq's Chemical Warfare Program," CIA, on line [https://www.cia.gov/library/reports/general-reports-1/iraq_wmd_2004/chap5.html].
CNN, 25 April 2007, "Iraqi civilian killed, 2 wounded in chlorine bomb attack," CNN, on line [http://edition.cnn.com/2007/WORLD/europe/04/25/wednesday/index.html].
CNN, 25 Aug. 2010, "Schoolgirls and teachers sick from poison gas in Afghanistan," CNN, on line [http://articles.cnn.com/2010-08-25/world/afghanistan.girls.sick_1_poison-gas-schoolgirls-afghan-girls?_s=PM:WORLD].
CNN, 13 June 2010, "Afghan schoolgirls hospitalized for possible poisoning," RAWA, on line [http://www.rawa.org/temp/runews/2010/06/13/afghan-schoolgirls-hospitalized-for-possible-poisoning.html].
Coen, Bob, and Eric Nadler, 2009, Dead Silence... Fear and Terror on the Anthrax Trail, Counterpoint (Berkeley, CA).
Croddy, Eric, Clarisa Perez-Armendariz, and John Hart, 2002, Chemical and Biological Warfare: A Comprehensive Survey for the Concerned Citizen, Springer-Verlag (New York, NY).
Daily Outlook Afghanistan, 3 July 2012, "Poisoning school girls," Daily Outlook Afghanistan, on line [http://outlookafghanistan.net/editorialdetail.php?post_id=4795].
Dvorin, Tova, 7 Apr 2014, "Report: Another chemical weapon attack in Syria?," Arutz Sheva, on line [http://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/News.aspx/179378#.VEwJoclMHZ4].
Ensor, David, 26 May 2004, "Gas shell findings a concern for Iraq arms inspector," CNN, on line [http://articles.cnn.com/2004-05-26/world/iraq.duelfer_1_weapons-inspectors-iraq-survey-group-charles-duelfer?_s=PM:WORLD].
Farmer, Ben, 27 April 2009, "Girls collapse after suspected poison attack on Afghan school," Telegraph, on line [http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/afghanistan/5230680/Girls-collapse-after-suspected-poison-attack-on-Afghan-school.html].
Federation of American Scientists, 8 Nov. 1998, "Chemical weapons programs: History," FAS, on line [http://www.fas.org/nuke/guide/iraq/cw/program.htm].
Freedland, Jonathan, 25 July 2008, "Revenge," The Guardian, on line [http://www.theguardian.com/world/2008/jul/26/second.world.war].
Gamel, Kim, 23 Feb. 2007, "Pentagon warns of chemical attacks," Seattle Times, on line [http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/nationworld/2003585106_iraq23.html].
Gamel, Kim, 17 March 2007, "Chlorine bombs sicken hundreds in Iraq," 6ABC, on line [http://abclocal.go.com/wpvi/story?section=news/national_world&id=5066170].
Garamone, Jim, 6 June 2007, "Terrorists using chlorine car bombs to intimidate Iraqis," U.S. Dept. of Defense News, on line [http://www.defense.gov/news/newsarticle.aspx?id=46311].
Goebel, Greg, 1 June 2012, "Chemical and biological warfare," Vectors Website, on line [http://www.vectorsite.net/twgas.html].
Graham-Harrison, Emma, 24 Oct. 2014, "Kurds fear Isis use of chemical weapon in Kobani," The Guardian, on line [http://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/oct/24/kurds-fear-isis-chemical-weapon-kobani].
Graysmith, Robert, 2003, Amerithrax: The Hunt for the Anthrax Killer, Berkley Books (New York, NY).
Guillemin, Jeanne, 1999, Anthrax: The Investigation of a Deadly Outbreak, Univ. of California Press (Berkeley, CA).
Gursky, Elin, Thomas V. Inglesby, and Tara O'Toole, 2003, "Anthrax 2001: Observations on the medical and public health response," Biosecurity and Bioterrorism: Biodefense Strategy, Practice, and Science, 1:97-110.
Hamed, Mohammad, 17 April 2012, "Afghan schoolgirls poisoned in anti-education attack," Reuters, on line [http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/04/17/us-afghanistan-women-idUSBRE83G0PZ20120417].
Hamed, Mohammad, 25 April 2012, "Afghan girls fall ill in suspected gas attack," Reuters, on line [http://www.reuters.com/article/2010/04/25/us-afghanistan-school-idUSTRE63O0EN20100425].
Harris, Sheldon H., 1995, Factories of Death: Japanese Biological Warfare, 1932-45, and the American Cover-up, Routledge (London, UK).
Heller, Charles E., Sept. 1984, "Chemical warfare in World War I: The American experience, 1917-1918," Leavenworth Paper #10, Combat Studies Institute (Fort Leavenworth, KS).
Hope, Bradley, 1 May 2007, "Police on alert as chlorine hits Iraq," New York Sun, on line [http://www.nysun.com/new-york/police-on-alert-as-chlorine-hits-iraq/53493/].
IBC, 25 June 2010, "Afghan School Girls Chemical Attacks," IBC, on line [http://ib-consultancy.eu/wp-content/uploads/2010/06/IBC-CER1-Afghan-School-Girls.pdf].
Ihsason, Zabihullah, 24 June 2012, "More schoolgirls poisoned in Sar-i-Pul," Pajhwok Afghan News, on line [http://www.pajhwok.com/en/2012/06/24/more-schoolgirls-poisoned-sar-i-pul].
Independent, May 2010, "Girls targeted in Taliban gas attack," The Independent, on line [http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/girls-targeted-in-taliban-gas-attack-1684028.html].
Inglesby, Thomas V., et ali, "Anthrax as a Biological Weapon, 2002, Updated Recommendation for Management," 2002, JAMA, 287:2236-2252, on line at [http://jama.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/full/287/17/2236].
Iraq Survey Group, 2004, "Iraq Survey Group Final Report," on line at Global Security [http://www.globalsecurity.org/wmd/library/report/2004/isg-final-report/isg-final-report_vol3_cw-anx-f.htm].
Jernigan, Daniel B., et al., and the National Anthrax Epidemiologic Investigation Team, Oct. 2002, "Investigation of bioterrorism-related anthrax, United States, 2001: Epidemiologic findings," Emerging Infectious Diseases, 8:1019-1028.
Jones, Robert, Brandon Wills, and Christopher Kang, 2010, "Chlorine gas: An evolving hazardous material threat and unconventional weapon," Western Journal of Emergency Medicine, 11(2):151-156, on line at NCBI [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2908650/].
Kagan, Kimberly, 30 March 2007, "The Anbar awakening: Displacing al Qaeda from its stronghold in western Iraq," Iraq Report, on line [http://www.understandingwar.org/sites/default/files/reports/IraqReport03.pdf].
LaPierre, Dominique, and Moro Javier, 2002, Five Past Midnight in Bhopal: The Epic Storyi of the World's Deadliest Industrial Disaster, Grand Central Publ.
Lederberg, Joshua, ed., 2001, Biological Weapons: Limiting the Threat, MIT Press (Cambridge, MA).
LWJ, 8 June 2012, "NDS arrests senior Taliban leader and 14 others linked to school poisonings," Long War Journal, on line [http://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2012/06/nds_arrests_senior_t.php].
LWJ, 24 June 2012, "94 more Afghan schoolgirls reportedly poisoned in Sar-i-Pul," Long War Journal, on line [http://www.longwarjournal.org/threat-matrix/archives/2012/06/94_more_afghan_students_report.php].
LWJ, 1 July 2012, "New suspected school poison attacks rattle northern Afghanistan," Long War Journal, on line [http://www.longwarjournal.org/threat-matrix/archives/2012/07/additional_suspected_school_po.php].
Mickolus, Edward F., Transnational Terrorism: A Chronology of Events, 1968-1979, 1980, Greenwood Press (Westpoint, CT).
Mina, B., et al., 20 Feb. 2002, "Fatal inhalational anthrax with unknown source of exposure in a 61-year-old woman in New York City," Journal of the American Medical Association, 287:858-862.
Moran, Andrew, 25 April 2010, "Suspected poison gas attack leaves 80 Afghan schoolgirls sick," Digital Journal, on line [http://digitaljournal.com/article/291156].
Morris, Loveday, 15 Sept. 2014,"Islamic State militants allegedly used chlorine gas against Iraqi security forces," Washington Post, on line [http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/middle_east/islamic-state-militants-allegedly-used-chlorine-gas-against-iraqi-security-forces/2014/10/23/c865c943-1c93-4ac0-a7ed-033218f15cbb_story.html?hpid=z1].
Morris, Loveday, 22 Sept. 2014, "Islamic State attack on Iraqi base leaves hundreds missing, shows army weaknesses," Washington Post, on line [http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/middle_east/islamic-state-attack-on-iraqi-base-leaves-hundreds-missing-shows-army-weaknesses/2014/09/22/9a8b9e4d-0fea-4650-8816-5e720dbffd04_story.html].
MSNBC, 24 May 2004, "Bomb said to hold deadly sarin gas explodes in Iraq," MSNBC, on line [http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/4997808/ns/world_news-mideast_n_africa/t/bomb-said-holddeadly-sarin-gas-explodes-iraq/#.T5Q3PtX9aY8].
Murphy, Brian, 20 Feb. 2007, "9 killed when gas tanker bombed in Iraq," Kansas City Star, on line [http://www.kansascity.com/mld/kansascity/news/world/16743025.htm].
Murphy, Dan, 9 July 2012, "Mass hysteria blamed for Afghan schoolgirl 'poisoning," not the Taliban," Christian Science Monitor, on line [http://www.csmonitor.com/World/Backchannels/2012/0709/Mass-hysteria-blamed-for-Afghan-schoolgirl-poisoning-not-the-Taliban].
New York Times, 1 Sept. 2010, "Gas sickened girls in Afghan schools," New York Times, on line [http://www.nytimes.com/2010/09/01/world/asia/01gasattack.html].
New York Times, 22 April 1946, The New York Times.
Popalzai, Masoud, 29 May 2012, "Official: 160 girls poisoned at Afghan school," CNN, on line [http://articles.cnn.com/2012-05-29/asia/world_asia_afghanistan-girls-poisoned_1_afghan-girls-taliban-school-closure?_s=PM:ASIA].
Reminick, Gerald, 2001, Nightmare in Bari: The World War II Liberty Ship Poison Gas Disaster and Cover-up, Glencannon Press (Palo Alto, CA).
Reuters, 18 March 2007, "350 ill in Iraq chlorine attacks," Times of India, on line [http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/NEWS/World/Rest_of_World/350_ill_in_Iraq_chlorine_attacks/articleshow/1775566.cms].
Reuters, 20 May 2007, "Chlorine truck bomb in Iraq makes 11 people sick," Reuters, on line [http://www.reuters.com/article/2007/05/20/us-iraq-truck-idUSIBO02951920070520].
RFE/RL, 31 Aug. 2010, "U.S. concerned over attacks on Afghan schoolchildren," Radio Free Europe Radio Liberty, on line [http://www.rferl.org/content/US_Concerned_Over_Attacks_On_Afghan_Schoolchildren/2144719.html].
Robinson, Julian Perry, and Jozef Goldblat, May 1984, "Chemical warfare in the Iran-Iraq war 1980-1988," SIPRI fact sheet, on line at Iran Chamber Society [http://www.iranchamber.com/history/articles/chemical_warfare_iran_iraq_war.php].
Rosenberg, Barbara Hatch, "Analysis of the Anthrax Attacks," 2002, on line, Federation of American Scientists [http://www.fas.org/bwc/news/anthraxreport.htm].
Reuters, 18 March 2007, "350 ill in Iraq chlorine attacks," Times of India, on line [http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/NEWS/World/Rest_of_World/350_ill_in_Iraq_chlorine_attacks/articleshow/1775566.cms].
Sajad, 19 June 2012, "Several school girls poisoned in Bamiyan province," Khaama Press, on line [http://www.khaama.com/several-school-girls-poisoned-in-bamiyan-province-920/].
Sajad, 23 June 2012, "Around 100 school girls poisoned in northern Afghanistan," Khaama Press, on line [http://www.khaama.com/around-100-school-girls-poisoned-in-northern-afghanistan-932/].
Sajad, 25 June 2012, "Over 90 school girls poisoned in northern Afghanistan," Khaama Press, on line [http://www.khaama.com/over-90-school-girls-poisoned-in-northern-afghanistan-943/].
Sarwar, Mustafa, and Ron Synovitz, 18 April 2012, "Afghan authorities eye Taliban in suspected girls school poisoning," Radio Free Europe Radio Liberty, on line [http://www.rferl.org/content/afghanistan_poisoned_schoolgirls_takhar_province/24552396.html].
Scheeres, Julia, 2012, A Thousand Lives: The Untold Story of Jonestown, Free Press.
Shalizi, Hamid, 4 May 2010, "More Afghan schoolgirls ill in suspected gas attack," Reuters, on line [http://www.reuters.com/article/2010/05/04/us-afghanistan-poison-idUSTRE6433YT20100504].
Sidell, Frederick R., Ernest T. Takafuji, and David R. Franz, eds., 1997, Medical Aspects of Chemical and Biological Warfare, Walter Reed Army Medical Center (Washington, DC).
Sommerville, Quentin, 4 July 2012, "Afghans fear mysterious school 'poisonings'," BBC News, on line [http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-18118818].
Stellman, Jeanne Mager, Steven D. Stellman, Richard Christian, Tracy Weber, and Carrie Tomasallo, 2003, "The extent and patterns of usage of Agent Orange and other herbicides in Vietnam," Nature, 422:681-687.
Thompson, Marilyn W., 2003, The Killer Strain: Anthrax and a Government Exposed, HarperCollins (New York, NY).
Threat Matrix, 2 Sept. 2010, "Who cares about the Afghan schoolgirls?", Threat Matrix, on line [http://www.longwarjournal.org/threat-matrix/archives/2010/09/who_cares_about_the_afghan_sch_1.php].
TOLOnews, 2 June 2012, "20 Afghan schoolgirls poisoned in Takhar," TOLO News, on line [http://tolonews.com/en/afghanistan/6429-20-afghan-schoolgirls-poisoned-in-takhar].
TOLOnews, 30 June 2012, "53 schools girls poisoned in Sar-e-Pol," TOLOnews, on line [http://tolonews.com/en/afghanistan/6703-53-schools-girls-poisoned-in-sar-e-pol-].
TOLOnews, 7 July 2012, "New suspected school poisoning in Jawzjan," TOLOnews, on line [http://tolonews.com/en/afghanistan/6777-new-suspected-school-poisoning-in-jawzjan].
Torok, T. J., et ali, "A large community outbreak of salmonellosis caused by intentional contamination of restaurant salad bars," Aug. 1997, JAMA, 278:389-395.
Tucker, Jonathan B., ed., 2000, Toxic Terror: Assessing Terrorist Use of Chemical and Biological Weapons, MIT Press (Cambridge, MA).
Tucker, Jonathan B., 2006, War of Nerves: Chemical Warfare from World War I to Al-Qaeda, Pantheon Books (New York, NY).
UNESCO, 10 Feb. 2010, "Education Under Attack 2010," UNESCO, on line [http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0018/001868/186809e.pdf].
White House, 30 Aug. 2013, "Government assessment of the Syrian government's use of chemical weapons on August 21, 2013," White House, on line [http://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2013/08/30/government-assessment-syrian-government-s-use-chemical-weapons-august-21].
WHO, 24 Oct. 2016, "WHO and Ministry of Health accelerate medical intervention to manage over 1000 cases of suffocation in Qayarra, Ijhala, Haj Ali, and Makhmour," WHO, on line [http://www.emro.who.int/irq/iraq-news/who-and-ministry-of-health-manage-over-1000-cases-of-suffocation.html].
WHO, 24 Oct. 2016, "WHO supports Iraqi capacity-building on mass casualty management of chemical agents usage," WHO, on line [http://www.emro.who.int/irq/iraq-news/who-supports-iraqi-capacity-building-on-mass-casualty-management-of-chemical-agents-usage.html].
Yashar, Ari, 22 April 2014, "'Video evidence' of fresh Syrian chemical attack," Arutz Sheva, on line [http://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/News.aspx/179803#.VEwG1clMHZ4].

© 2013-2016, 2017 by Wm. Robert Johnston.
Last modified 5 December 2017.
Return to Home. Return to Terrorism, Counterterrorism, and Unconventional Warfare.